Organic Matter Content Research Articles

Anaerobic digestion of process water from hydrothermal treatment processes: a review of inhibitors and detoxification approaches.

Integrating hydrothermal treatment processes and anaerobic digestion (AD) is promising for maximizing resource recovery from biomass and organic waste. The process water generated during hydrothermal treatment contains high concentrations of organic matter, which can be converted into biogas using AD. However, process water also contains various compounds that inhibit the AD process. Fingerprinting these inhibitors and identifying suitable mitigation strategies and detoxification methods is necessary to optimize the integration of these two technologies. By examining the existing literature, we were able to: (1) compare the methane yields and organics removal efficiency during AD of various hydrothermal treatment process water; (2) catalog the main AD inhibitors found in hydrothermal treatment process water; (3) identify recalcitrant components limiting AD performance; and (4) evaluate approaches to detoxify specific inhibitors and degrade recalcitrant components. Common inhibitors in process water are organic acids (at high concentrations), total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), oxygenated organics, and N-heterocyclic compounds. Feedstock composition is the primary determinant of organic acid and TAN formation (carbohydrates-rich and protein-rich feedstocks, respectively). In contrast, processing conditions (e.g., temperature, pressure, reaction duration) influence the formation extent of oxygenated organics and N-heterocyclic compounds. Struvite precipitation and zeolite adsorption are the most widely used approaches to eliminate TAN inhibition. In contrast, powdered and granular activated carbon and ozonation are the preferred methods to remove toxic substances before AD treatment. Currently, ozonation is the most effective approach to reduce the toxicity and recalcitrance of N and O-heterocyclic compounds during AD. Microaeration methods, which disrupt the AD microbiome less than ozone, might be more practical for nitrifying TAN and degrading recalcitrant compounds, but further research in this area is necessary.

Evolution of black shale sedimentary environment and its impact on organic matter content and mineral composition: a case study from Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation in Southern and Eastern Sichuan Basin

Evolution of black shale sedimentary environment and its impact on organic matter content and mineral composition: a case study from Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation in Southern and Eastern Sichuan Basin

Mapping soil trace metal distribution using remote sensing and multivariate analysis.

Trace metal soil contamination poses significant risks to human health and ecosystems, necessitating thorough investigation and management strategies. Researchers have increasingly utilized advanced techniques like remote sensing (RS), geographic information systems (GIS), geostatistical analysis, and multivariate analysis to address this issue. RS tools play a crucial role in collecting spectral data aiding in the analysis of trace metal distribution in soil. Spectroscopy offers an effective understanding of environmental contamination by analyzing trace metal distribution in soil. The spatial distribution of trace metals in soil has been a key focus of these studies, with factors influencing this distribution identified as soil type, pH levels, organic matter content, land use patterns, and concentrations of trace metals. While progress has been made, further research is needed to fully recognize the potential of integrated geospatial imaging spectroscopy and multivariate statistical analysis for assessing trace metal distribution in soils. Future directions include mapping multivariate results in GIS, identifying specific anthropogenic sources, analyzing temporal trends, and exploring alternative multivariate analysis tools. In conclusion, this review highlights the significance of integrated GIS and multivariate analysis in addressing trace metal contamination in soils, advocating for continued research to enhance assessment and management strategies.

Anthropogenic soil as an environmental material, as exemplified with improved growth of rice seedlings

Herein, the feasibility of artificial black soil (ABS) derived from hydrothermal humification-hydrothermal carbonization (HTH-HTC) for restructuration of weak soil was verified. This study breaks through the long history of soil formation and evolution, and obtains reconstructed anthropogenic soil (AS) system which only takes one month, for the further application of rice seedlings. HTH-HTC derived by-products are slightly acidic, which facilitates the effective nutrient uptake and prevention of wilt diseases for acid-loving rice seedlings. AS mainly consists of the inherent components retained from weak soil such as SiO2 and minerals, and exogenous components such as artificial humic substances and hydrochar, as introduced by hydrothermal humification processes. Results exhibit that AS has high contents of ammonium nitrogen, organic matter, organic carbon, and abundant porous structure for nutrient transport and water holding, especially, the community diversity and richness of microbial system gets the expected recovery and new beneficial bacteria (such as Caballeronia calidae) or fungi (such as Humicola) appear. Positive effects of AS on agronomic traits in rice seedlings are quantified. As a general result, this study supports the application of AS in sustainable agriculture, and provides a novel strategy to tackle the already-omnipresent land degradation by anthropogenic misuse and larger scale accidents.

236 The effects of replacing dried distiller’s grains with solubles with heat-treated soybean meal on nutrient intake and digestibility in forage-based diets

Abstract Cattle growth is calculated through dry matter intake, average daily gain and gain:feed measures that assume performance and digestibility are correlated. Hence, evaluating nutrient digestibility and flow provides additional explanations for subsequent growth performance. Therefore, five fistulated Jersey steers [Initial body weight (BW) = 288 ± 22 kg) fitted with ruminal, duodenal, and ileal cannulas were utilized in a 4 × 5 row-column design to determine intake and total tract nutrient digestibility when replacing dried distiller’s grains plus solubles (DDGS) with heat-treated soybean meal (TSBM) in forage-based growing diets. The 56-d study contained 4 periods, each period lasting 14 d [9 d of adaptation and 5 d of collection (d 0 to 4)]. Dietary treatments partially replaced DDGS, included at 16% diet dry matter (DM), with TSBM at increasing inclusion levels of 0 (TSBM0), 4 (TSBM4), 8 (TSBM8), and 12% (TSBM12) DM. Basal diets contained 43.5% corn silage, 36.5% oat hay, and 4% meal supplement (DM). Chromic oxide was incorporated into the diet daily at 0.25% DM as a digesta marker. Steers were housed in individual tie stalls during the 5-d collection period. Treatment diets were fed daily at 0800 h with orts being weighed at 0730 h and subsampled on d 0 to d 4 each period. Fecal collection bags were harnessed to each steer from d 0 to d 4 to collect fecal weight and subsampled twice daily (0700 and 1900 h). Digestibility and feed intake were analyzed utilizing the MIXED procedure of SAS with treatment and period as fixed effects and animal as a random effect. There were no differences (P ≥ 0.14) in DM, organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), starch and nitrogen (N) intakes among treatments. Fecal DM, OM, NDF, starch, and N output resulted in no treatment effects (P ≥ 0.24). Subsequently, total tract apparent digestibility differences (P ≥ 0.32) were not detected for DM, OM, NDF, and starch content. However, N total tract apparent digestibility was significantly different (P < 0.03) with TSBM0 resulting in less N digestibility than TSBM12 (65.54% and 71.59%, respectively). Replacing a portion of DDGS with TSBM does not result in deleterious digestive effects in forage-based growing diets. As a result, the utilization of DDGS or TSBM as the primary protein source will depend on growth performance, feedstuff availability and economics.

Treatment and Desalination of Wastewater Generated After Steel Degreasing and Pickling in the Tunisian Galvanization Industry

A case study of galvanization wastewater treatment was carried out to preserve the environment and to suggest a solution to the Metal Galvanization of Poulina Group Holding MBG-Galva industry located in Tunisia for reducing effluent organic matter, heavy metals, and salt contents. The current industry had two baths of rinsing water after steel degreasing and pickling steps. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) and pH of the first bath were very high compared to the second bath, which exhibits a low pH with high salinity and high heavy metals contents. Coagulation-flocculation and electrodialysis were examined as treatment processes for rinse water obtained after steel degreasing, while precipitation-oxidation and membrane distillation were combined for pickling rinse water treatment. Aluminum sulfate and sodium alginate were used, respectively, as coagulants and flocculents under optimal conditions determined through the Jar test. After the electrodialysis step, the removal rates were found to be 89.6% for conductivity, 93% for COD, 90 to 96% for salt content, and 82% to 99.5% for heavy metals. For the second effluent, the conductivity of wastewater was reduced by 97%, and heavy metals and COD were removed. The lab-scale experiment implementation proved that using the current process has a high impact on obtaining zero liquid reject in the manufactory, and reusing it in the same bath is an opportunity for water preservation. Solid waste characterized by X-rays showed that lead oxide and iron can be recovered from galvanization industry wastewater. Scaling the combined pretreatment and desalination system in a demonstration unit helps the galvanization industry reuse the water in the same industry and prevent environmental pollution.

Potassium fertilizer promotes the thin-shelled Tartary buckwheat yield by delaying senescence and promoting grain filling

The application rate of potassium fertilizer is closely related to the yield of crops. Thin-shelled Tartary buckwheat is a new variety of Tartary buckwheat with the advantages of thin shell and easy shelling. However, little is known about application rate of potassium fertilizer on the yield formation of thin-shelled Tartary buckwheat. This study aimed to clarify the effect of potassium fertilizer on the growth and yield of thin-shelled Tartary buckwheat. A field experiment to investigate the characteristics was conducted across two years using thin-shelled Tartary buckwheat (Miku 18) with four potassium fertilizer applications including 0 (no potassium fertilizer, CK), 15 (low-concentration potassium fertilizer, LK), 30 (medium-concentration potassium fertilizer, MK), and 45 kg·ha−1 (high-concentration potassium fertilizer, HK). The maximum and average grain filling rates; starch synthase activity; superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activities in leaves; root morphological indices and activities; available nitrogen, phosphorus, and organic matter content in rhizosphere soil; urease and alkaline phosphatase activities in rhizosphere soil; plant height, main stem node number, main stem branch number, leaf number; grain number per plant, grain weight per plant, and 100-grain weight increased first and then decreased with the increase in potassium fertilizer application rate and reached the maximum at MK treatment. The content of malondialdehyde was significantly lower in MK treatment than in other three treatments. The yields of thin-shelled Tartary buckwheat treated with LK, MK, and HK were 1.22, 1.37, and 1.07 times that of CK, respectively. In summary, an appropriate potassium fertilizer treatment (30kg·ha−1) can delay the senescence, promote the grain filling, and increase the grain weight and final yield of thin-shelled Tartary buckwheat. This treatment is recommended to be used in production to achieve high-yield cultivation of thin-shelled Tartary buckwheat.

Carbon and nutrient cycling responses to repeated application of biochar and NPK fertilizers depend on microenvironmental differences among hierarchical aggregate fractions

The conversion of bambara groundnut seed residues into biochar facilitated the bioavailability and retention of more nutrients (C, N, P, K and Mg) after repeated application of biochar. However, the mechanisms of microbially mediated biochar-C degradation and nutrient cycling responses to repeated biochar application, particularly in different hierarchical soil aggregates, are largely unknown. A 20-day incubation experiment was conducted on Ultisols from a 4-year cucumber field trial in Nsukka, Nigeria. The effects of repeated application of bambara seed residue biochar with or without NPK fertilizer on soil aggregate associated electrical conductivity (EC), basal respiration, microbial biomass, and soil enzyme activities were determined. The results showed that the concentration of organic matter in the bulk soils increased with biochar and NPK+biochar treatments. These treatments also increased the soil EC, cumulative CO2 respiration, microbial biomass C and N concentrations, and the activities of tyrosine-aminopeptidase and sulfatase enzymes, compared to the biochar treatment and the control soil. The NPK+biochar treatment contributed 35% more to β-cellobiosidase activity, but the biochar treatment resulted in 85% reduction in N-Acetyl-β-glucosaminidase activity, indicating microbial N mining. The NPK and NPK+biochar treatments accounted for a higher percentage of N-, C and N-, and S- cycle enzyme activities, although their composition was relatively higher with the latter treatment. The overall soil biochemical responses were significantly higher in the micro-aggregates (< 0.25mm) than in the macro-aggregates (≤ 4.75 - 0.25mm); least of all in the small macro-aggregates (0.25 - 1.00mm). Therefore, repeated application of biochar to N-deficient soils generally does not result in positive soil biochemical responses. However, repeated application of biochar together with NPK fertilizer modulates N limitation and optimizes microbial nutrient cycling processes, especially in micro-aggregates.

Characterizing Stalagmite Composition using Hyperspectral Imaging

Stalagmites offer nearly continuous records of past climate in continental settings at high temporal resolution. The climatic records preserved in stalagmites are commonly investigated by examining compositional characteristics such as mineralogy, organic content, and lamination patterns. These proxies provide valuable insights into the environmental conditions during stalagmite formation. However, the methods used to obtain information about these proxies are relatively destructive. This study uses hyperspectral imaging, a non-contact technique, to identify mineral composition, organic matter content, and laminations in stalagmite. It is the first wide spectrum imaging analysis in speleothem research, using both visible–near infrared and shortwave infrared wavelengths. Results obtained from hyperspectral imaging were compared by point spectral analysis using an ASD spectroradiometer and a grayscale profile along the growth axis of the stalagmite. Petrographic observation of thin sections and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses on selected stalagmite layers were performed to cross-validate the hyperspectral data. A travertine sample was also used to replicate the method on calcite. To automate mineral identification, a machine learning algorithm was developed to map spatial distribution and quantify relative proportions of minerals across the sample. Our findings are in good agreement with traditionally used methods of mineral identification, i.e. XRD and petrography, aiding in the interpretation of paleoclimate proxies, and offer a spatial guide for UTh dating analyses. It also provides insight for future investigations of stalagmite using hyperspectral data and classification through machine learning algorithms.

Linking Dissolved Organic Matter Composition to Landscape Properties in Wetlands Across the United States of America

AbstractWetlands are integral to the global carbon cycle, serving as both a source and a sink for organic carbon. Their potential for carbon storage will likely change in the coming decades in response to higher temperatures and variable precipitation patterns. We characterized the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved organic matter (DOM) composition from 12 different wetland sites across the USA spanning gradients in climate, landcover, sampling depth, and hydroperiod for comparison to DOM in other inland waters. Using absorption spectroscopy, parallel factor analysis modeling, and ultra‐high resolution mass spectroscopy, we identified differences in DOM sourcing and processing by geographic site. Wetland DOM composition was driven primarily by differences in landcover where forested sites contained greater aromatic and oxygenated DOM content compared to grassland/herbaceous sites which were more aliphatic and enriched in N and S molecular formulae. Furthermore, surface and porewater DOM was also influenced by properties such as soil type, organic matter content, and precipitation. Surface water DOM was relatively enriched in oxygenated higher molecular weight formulae representing HUPHigh O/C compounds than porewaters, whose DOM composition suggests abiotic sulfurization from dissolved inorganic sulfide. Finally, we identified a group of persistent molecular formulae (3,489) present across all sites and sampling depths (i.e., the signature of wetland DOM) that are likely important for riverine‐to‐coastal DOM transport. As anthropogenic disturbances continue to impact temperate wetlands, this study highlights drivers of DOM composition fundamental for understanding how wetland organic carbon will change, and thus its role in biogeochemical cycling.

Vermicompost and millicompost as a resource in sustainable agriculture in semiarid: decomposition, nutrient release, and microstructure under the action of nitrogen and organic-mineral fertilizers.

With the expansion of organic agriculture, research is needed to indicate economically and ecologically viable fertilizer options, especially in semiarid regions, with low soil organic matter and nitrogen content. In the Brazilian semiarid region, vermicomposts are widely used by farmers and are scientifically investigated; however, there is no information for millicompost, a new type of organic compound that has shown very promising results in other regions. Thus, this study aimed to analyze the decomposition rate, nutrient release, and microstructure evaluation of vermicomposts from different sources and of millicompost produced from plant residues, with the application of mineral nitrogen-urea and organo-mineral fertilizer in the Brazilian semiarid region. The experimental design was a randomized block in a 4 × 3 factorial scheme, with four replicates; four organic composts (millicompost, commercial vermicompost, vermicompost from bovine manure, vermicompost from goat manure); and three types of fertilization (without fertilizer, with mineral-urea and organo-mineral fertilizer). The organic composts were decomposed using litterbags at the soil surface. The variable's decomposition rate and the nutrient release were evaluated at six-time intervals (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150days), and microstructure was evaluated at the beginning and the end of the experiment, with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The highest decomposition was verified for commercial vermicompost rich in macro and micronutrients and with lower P contents. The lignin:N ratio and the initial P content were more important in the permanence of the organic compost in the field than the C:N ratio. Regardless of the organic composts, the use of urea as a mineral fertilizer stimulated decomposition more than the organo-mineral fertilizer. The initial composition of the nutrients was decisive in the dynamics of nutrient release, mass loss, and decomposition of C. There was no pattern in the release order of macronutrients. However, for the micronutrients, the release order was Cu > Fe > Mn, in all treatments. Microstructure analysis is a visual analysis where differences are detected through microphotographs and the biggest difference occurred with millicompost, which showed elongated fibers and fiber bundles, forming a relatively open structure characteristic of the presence of fulvic acid. However, the addition of organo-mineral fertilizer formed agglomerates in compacted micro-portions, helping the mineralization of C and N.

Судогда – новый сорт озимой тритикале для кормопроизводства

Abstract. The purpose of the study is to evaluate a new variety of winter triticale Sudogda according to economic and biological characteristics and properties. The variety was created by the method of mass selection of highly productive plants resistant to lodging, brown and stem rusts from the breeding line L6, obtained from the Voronezh Federal Agrarian Scientific Center named after V. V. Dokuchaev. The selection of material and its study were carried out in the soil and climatic conditions of the Central Non-Chernozem zone according to the generally accepted scheme of the breeding process for winter crops. Results. A detailed morphological description is given and the results of the study of the new variety Sudogda in competitive variety testing on light soddy-podzolic, slightly acidic soils with a low content of organic matter (1.3 %) are presented. The average yield of the Sudogda variety was 4.68 t/ha (+0.54 t/ha to the Doktrina 110 standard), the maximum yield in the favorable year of 2017 on soddy-podzolic soils reached 5.5 t/ha, on gray forest soils 6.5 t/ha, the minimum – in the dry year of 2016 3.5 t/ha (+0.47 t/ha to the standard). The variety is characterized by high winter hardiness (95 %), resistance to lodging (5.0 points), drought resistance (4.5 points). During the years of variety testing, the variety showed tolerance to brown and stem rusts, and was moderately affected by leaf septoria at the standard level. It is distinguished by high indicators of the physical qualities of grain: the weight of 1000 grains is on average 40.4 g, the nature of the grain is 704 g/l, the vitreousness is 79 %. The protein content in the grain is 15 %, which is 0.5 % higher than the standard. The variety is intended for use in grain fodder. It is recommended for cultivation on all types of soils, but tolerates light slightly acidic soddy-podzolic sandy loamy soils better than other varieties. The new variety Sudogda has been included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements of the Russian Federation since 2021 and approved for use in the North-West region, where it showed a maximum yield of 6.96 t/ha. Scientific novelty. A new plastic, mid-season, stress-resistant variety of winter triticale has been created, which is distinguished by the ability to form a high grain yield on light soddy-podzolic, slightly acidic soils of the North-West region of the Russian Federation.

Prevalence, causes, and consequences of agricultural land abandonment: A case study in the Region of Murcia, Spain

Agricultural land abandonment has received increasing attention from the scientific community and decision makers in recent years. In this study, we aimed to identify the current status of agricultural land abandonment in Europe, investigate its main causes and consequences, and propose management solutions based on future projections. We selected the Region of Murcia (RM) in southeastern Spain as the study area as it has been identified as a hotspot of agricultural land abandonment. A large number of areas with severe erosion (gullies and piping) attributed to abandonment have been identified in the Neogene and Quaternary basins. Morphometric analyses of various fields and estimates of soil loss were performed in 57 abandoned land areas in the RM. Additionally, physical and chemical soil analyses were performed in 15 selected areas. The results showed that abandoned crop terraces in loam soil promote piping processes owing to their flat surfaces and the formation of a hydraulic gradient. Furthermore, soils with a poor structure, fine texture, and low organic matter content are vulnerable to erosion processes. Additionally, increased exchange sodium percentage (ESP), electrical conductivity (EC), sodium absorption ratio (SAR), and soluble sodium percentage (SSP) contribute to these processes. The results of this study confirmed the detrimental effects of abandoning agricultural land. We found that multiple contributing factors led to severe erosion on abandoned land in the RM. Therefore, efficient land use planning and management are required, especially for land abandonment in Neogene and Quaternary basins in semi-arid regions.

Unveiling the regulatory mechanism of poly-γ-glutamic acid on soil characteristics under drought stress through integrated metagenomics and metabolomics analysis

It is of utmost importance to understand the characteristics and regulatory mechanisms of soil in order to optimize soil management and enhance crop yield. Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA), a stress-resistant amino acid polymer, plays a crucial role in plant drought stress resistance. However, little is known about the effects of γ-PGA on soil characteristics during drought treatments. In this study, the effects of different forms of γ-PGA on soil texture and basic physical and chemical properties under short-term drought conditions were investigated. Furthermore, the impact of γ-PGA on the microbial community and metabolic function of maize was analyzed. Under drought conditions, the introduction of γ-PGA into the soil resulted in notable improvements in the mechanical composition ratio and infiltration capacity of the soil. Concurrently, this led to a reduction in soil bulk density and improved soil organic matter content and fertility. Additionally, metagenomic analysis revealed that under drought conditions, the incorporation of γ-PGA into the soil enhanced the soil microbiota structure. This shift led to the predominance of bacteria that are crucial for carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles in the soil. Metabolomics analysis revealed that under drought treatment, γ-PGA affected soil metabolic patterns, with a particular focus on alterations in amino acid and vitamin metabolism pathways. Correlation analysis between the soil metagenome and metabolites showed that microorganisms played a significant role in metabolite accumulation. These results demonstrated that γ-PGA could improve soil characteristics under drought conditions and play an important role in soil microorganisms and microbial metabolism, providing further insights into the changes in soil characteristics under drought conditions.

Eutrophication in cold-arid lakes: molecular characteristics and transformation mechanism of DOM under microbial action at the ice-water interface

During freezing periods, nutrients (carbon and organic matter, etc.) are enriched in the water and sediment of lakes in cold-arid regions, leading to potential algal bloom outbreaks and other health risks to the ecosystem. Particularly, dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a critical component of the nutrients and plays an important role in the global carbon cycle. However, the mechanisms of DOM transfer between ice and water remain unclear. This study analyzed the influence of microbial community on DOM composition using 16 s RNA, 3DEEM, and FT-ICR MS in Daihai Lake and Wuliangsuhai Lake in the Yellow River Basin, China. According to the spectral analysis, the content of endogenous organic matter, such as humus, accounted for 40% of the total DOM in water, while the content of tryptophan and tyrosine accounted for 80% of the total DOM in ice. The results of mass spectrometry showed that lignin was the main component, and the content of organic matter in the ice was less than that in the water. Molecular structures of seven DOM coexisting in the lake ice and water were elucidated with adapted Kendrick-analogous network visualization, which clearly illustrates that long-chain DOM molecules are derived from small molecules, while other heteroatoms are complexed with the side groups. The positive correlations between CHO, CHNO, CHOS, CHOS and Actinomyces indicate that DOM actively interacted with the microbial community. 44% of CHO compounds have the same molecular formula in water, the content of CHOS in the water of the two lakes was closed to 7% higher than that in the ice. Meanwhile, DOM dynamically migrate between ice and water via interstitial water because of the solubility changes under microbial transformation, which has been proved by the decrease in the contents of the humus and tryptophan-like substances in the ice from the bottom to the surface and lower contents of carbohydrate and unsaturated aromatic hydrocarbon in the water than the ice. This study helps to predict the composition and structure of DOM during the migration in lakes and provides a scientific basis for environmental remediation with high concentration of carbon.

Advances in Limnogeology: The lake‐basin‐type model revisited 25 years after…anomalies, conundrums and upgrades

AbstractThe lake‐basin‐type model classified the stratigraphic record of ancient lake systems according to rates of potential accommodation relative to sediment + water supply. The model convolved all modes and paths of water supply (direct fall, surficial, subsurface) with amounts and types of sediment supply (clastic, biogenic, chemical) into a single basin‐filling volume term (sediment + water); its major strength was its widespread applicability. This was supported by subsequent investigations confirming the utility of this approach, but it also revealed some important limitations due to simplifications in the original model. The model has been expanded here to address all inland waters (lakes, ponds, wetlands, playas) as well as adding two major subdivisions of the sediment + water term: (1) water supply paths and (2) the volume of water supply relative to sediment supply. Water supply flow paths in the subsurface are subdivided into ‘throughflow’, ‘recharge’ and ‘discharge’. Each of these groundwater hydrology states can be defined quite precisely by the ratio of net outflow to inflow, from persistently open to consistently closed. These paths can be deciphered using stable carbonate and oxygen isotope composition of primary lacustrine limestones, detailed sedimentology, stratigraphy, palaeontology and mineralogy. Distinguishing water supply paths provides additional insights into playa systems and the occurrence and character of evaporites and carbonates. The volume ratio of water to sediment supply most directly influences the water depths of lakes, ponds and wetlands, which affect water body hydrodynamics and ecosystem behaviour as well as the details of stratal stacking and depositional sequences. It helps fine‐tune estimates of the distribution of sediment texture, bedding, composition and organic matter content. The aim of this contribution is to address questions about the fundamental types of inland water bodies and to explain the new lake‐basin subtypes and provide examples that illustrate their potential to enable higher‐resolution, robust analysis of inland water systems and their stratigraphic records.

Production of liquid organic fertilizer using residual yeast (Saccharomycescerevisiae) from the brewing process

The goal of the researchwas to re-evaluate the yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) from the brewing process to obtain liquid organic fertilizer. The experiment was conductedin two stages: in the field by collecting raw material; and,in the laboratory by determining the moisture percentage and the microbiological, physicochemical, and agronomic analyses. A complete randomized design (CRD) with a 4x4 factorial arrangement withthree replications wasperformed. The yeast characterization was pH: 6.52, EC: 3.60 dS/m;relative RH: 84.94%;and,organic matter in solution: 66.64%; while, the liquid organic fertilizer characterization was pH: 3.96;EC: 21.40 dS/m;total solids: 183.30 g/L;and,organic matter in solution: 146.40 g/L.Lactic acid fermentation carried out by lactic acid bacteria of the microbial consortium (B-lac) is an option for producing liquid organic fertilizer using residual yeast from the brewing process. Through yeast characterization, it was shownthat the concentration of organic matter, macronutrient and micronutrient content of the residual yeast is high in certain elements, such as nitrogen (9681 mg/L), phosphorus (2203.70 mg/L), and potassium (3850 mg/L), resulting in a product of agronomic quality.

Microbial perspective on restoration of degraded urban soil using ornamental plants

The urban soil where abandoned buildings are demolished is barren and structurally poor, and this degraded soil requires restoration. Ornamental plants enhance the urban environment, increase biodiversity, and affect soil physicochemical properties, microbial diversity; however, their effects remain unclear. Thus, in this study, a mixed-planting meadow consisting of 14 perennial ornamental flower species, including Iris tectorum, Iris lacteal, and Patrinia scabiosaefolia, etc. Was planted at a demolition site with sewage-contaminated soil in Beijing. Simultaneously, a single-planting lawn of I. tectorum was established in a nearby park. We aimed to examine soil physicochemical properties, sequence soil bacterial 16S rRNA and fungal ITS amplicons, and analyze soil microbial diversity and community structure at both sites at five time points in the year after planting, To explore the effect of herbaceous ornamental plants on degraded urban soil, we used FAPROTAX and FUNGuild to predict bacterial and fungal functions, the bin-based null model to evaluate the soil microbial community, and random matrix theory to construct soil microbial molecular networks. The mixed-planting meadow produced a visually appealing landscape and dynamic seasonal enrichment, significantly increasing soil total nitrogen (TN) and organic matter (SOM) contents by 1.99 and 1.21 times, respectively. TN had a positive correlation with soil microbial α diversity and community structure. Dominant phyla at both sites included Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Ascomycota. Although soil microorganisms were primarily influenced by stochastic processes, stochasticity was notably higher in the mixed-planting meadow than in the single-planting lawn. The mixed-planting meadow significantly increased the relative abundance of beneficial microorganisms, improving nitrification and aerobic ammonium oxidation of soil bacteria, as well as symbiotroph of fungi. No significant changes were observed in the single-planting lawn. The mixed-planting meadow established a complex soil microbial molecular network, enhancing the correlation between bacteria and fungi and increasing the number of key microorganisms. Our findings suggest the potential of mixed-planting meadow in restoring degraded urban soils by influencing the soil microbial community and enhancing the ecological service function. Our study provides theoretical support for applying mixed-planting meadow communities to improve the soil environment of urban green spaces.

Enhanced HONO Formation from Aqueous Nitrate Photochemistry in the Presence of Marine Relevant Organics: Impact of Marine-Dissolved Organic Matter (m-DOM) Concentration on HONO Yields and Potential Synergistic Effects of Compounds within m-DOM

Enhanced HONO Formation from Aqueous Nitrate Photochemistry in the Presence of Marine Relevant Organics: Impact of Marine-Dissolved Organic Matter (m-DOM) Concentration on HONO Yields and Potential Synergistic Effects of Compounds within m-DOM

Determination of organic content and the use of eco-enzyme solutions in reducing organic levels in water samples from Cukuh Raya Beach, Kaur Regency, Bengkulu Province, Indonesia

Cukuh Raya Beach coastal water is potentially polluted by organic materials from shrimp ponds. The purpose of this study was to determine the content of organic materials (ammonia [NH3], nitrate [NO3], phosphate [PO4], and fatty oil) discharged into the coastal waters and to examine the role of eco-enzymes in reducing the organic material levels. Two points of sampling were selected, i.e., 10 and 100 m from the pipeline outfall discharge of shrimp ponds. An experiment was carried out to compare the level of organic content before and after the eco-enzyme solutions were given. Sampling and technique analysis of seawater were done following the Indonesian National Standards. The data were analysed using the Indonesian quality standards for marine biota and the pollution index. The results showed that seawater samples from the coast contained organic waste, with the highest levels at 10 m from the outfall. The level of organic content decreased after the addition of eco-enzyme solutions. The conclusion is that the organic materials (ammonia, nitrate, phosphate, and fatty oil) were found in water samples in the waters of Cukuh Raya Beach and were moderately polluted by ammonia (NH3). The addition of an eco-enzyme solution can reduce the concentration of organic materials.